Research indicates that Layer-2 networks are clustering around established tech stacks, particularly the OP stack, which dominates L2 development. Vitalik Buterin emphasized the need for better interoperability within Ethereum’s L2 ecosystem as proprietary solutions could complicate user experiences.

While transaction volumes on L2 networks surged, direct bridging from Layer 1 to Layer 2 saw a substantial decline. This drop suggests inefficiencies in user asset movement across chains, highlighting the challenges of maintaining a unified Ethereum experience.